References are numbered in [brackets], which are listed here. A number after the dot gives the page in the source.

Last updated: 2023 October 25.

1993

July 1

• IBM announces the Power Personal System Division. [1366.77]

July

• Advanced Micro Devices announces the Am486SX and Am486SXLV processors. Speed of the Am486SX is 33 or 40 MHz, operating at 5 volts. Speed of the Am486SXLV is up to 33 MHz, operating at 3.3 volts. Price of either is US$185 in 1000 unit quantities. [988]

July 12

• An article by Mike Feibus in the Microprocessor Report calls the EPA's Energy Star initiative "a marketing gimmick with about as much meaning as a 'Lite' label on a package of bacon." [987]

July

• Apple Computer announces layoffs of 2500, nearly 15% of its world-wide staff. [634.33] [1559]
• A fire destroys a Sumitomo Chemical Company plant in Japan. The plant had supplied 60% of the world's supply of cresol, used in memory chip casings. [535.42]
• Apple Computer introduces the Macintosh Centris 660AV. It features a 33 MHz 68040, AT&T 3210 DSP, 1 MB video RAM, 8 MB RAM, and 230 MB hard drive. Codename during development was Tempest. [46] [75] [581.92] [634.34] (January [140])
• Apple Computer introduces the Macintosh Quadra 840AV. It features a 40 MHz 68040, AT&T 3210 DSP, 1 MB video RAM, System 7.1 operating system, QuickTime, 8 MB RAM, NuBus 90 expansion slots, 230 MB hard drive, for US$4069. Codename during development was Cyclone. [46] [75] [581.30] [634.34] (January [140]) (August [733.37,76]
• The Federal Trade Commission decides to take no action against Intel, after three years of investigating complaints of forcing exclusive dealing practices. [64]
• IBM Technology Products formally unveils the Blue Lightning processor, a 486 without floating point support but with 16 kB cache and 386DX compatible pin-out packaging. Internal clock rate is up to 75 MHz, using clock doubling or tripling. [65] [988]
• Digital Equipment creates the Digital Personal Computer Business unit, to focus on PC sales. [144]

July 21

• The Federal Trade Commission votes a second time on whether to charge Microsoft with unfair trade practices. Again, the vote is a tie, two to two. A vote on whether to abandon the investigation is also deadlocked at two votes each. (Another vote will be made in a month's time.) [548.348] [1299.463] [1627.5] [1700.31]

July 26

• Cyrix terminates Texas Instruments' license to manufacture and produce Cyrix-designed x86 compatible processors. [1073]

July

• The US Justice Department's Antitrust Division files a request with the Federal Trade Commission's Bureau of Competition to examine its Microsoft files. [1700.65]
• Microsoft begins shipping Windows NT Workstation 3.1, and Windows NT Advanced Server 3.1. [535] [567.132] [1299.461] (August [66])

(month unknown)

• The VESA group begins working on version 2.0 of its VL-Bus design. [545.359]
• The Multimedia PC Marketing Council sets the MPC Level 2 standard, dictating the minimum configuration required of a PC to run MPC-2 class software. The requirements are: a 486 processor, 160 MB hard drive, double speed XA-ready multisession-capable CD-ROM drive, 16-bit sound card, and a 16-bit SuperVGA video card capable of 65,000 colors in 640x480 resolution. [501.87]
  vvv advertisement vvv
  
  ^^^ advertisement ^^^
  
• Cyrix introduces the 486DRx2 processor, like the Cyrix 486DLC but packaged in a 386-compatible pin-out. The processor uses clock-doubling, includes a 1 kB cache, but has no math coprocessor. The processor is intended as a user-upgrade in low-end 386 systems. Speeds and prices available are 16/32, 20/40, and 25/50 MHz, for US$300, US$350, and US$400, respectively, [535.40] [689.52] [988] [1071]

August 2

• Apple Computer launches the Newton MessagePad 100 personal digital assistant at Macworld Expo, in Boston's Symphony Hall. It features 640 kB RAM, 3 MB of ROM storing applications and the operating system (Newton Intelligence), a low-voltage 20-MHz 32-bit ARM 610 microprocessor, 240x336 resolution (85 dpi) 2.8 x 4-inch LCD screen, one PCMCIA Type II expansion socket, data transfer of 9600bps, and runs 14 hours on four AAA batteries. 50,000 units sell in the first 10 weeks, but only 80,000 are sold during the product's life. [46] [140] [271.N7] [2015.187] [429.36] [582.21] [588.61] [1054] [1559] [1811.148] [1886.69] [2605.161,194] (4 MB of ROM [634.104]) (July [548.159])

August

• Company founder Andrew Heller is forced to resign from Hal Computer Systems. [667]
• Quark ships QuarkXPress 3.2 for Windows. [581.112]
• The Business Applications Performance Corporation (BAPCo) introduces the SYSmark93 for DOS and SYSmark93 for Windows benchmark test suites. Each set is priced at US$390. [1070]
• IBM creates the Ambra Computer Corporation, a subsidiary of the IBM PC Company, to sell a new low-cost line of PCs. [65] [66] (January [504.44])

August 20

• The Federal Trade Commission decides by a vote of 4-0 to cease investigating Microsoft for unfair trade practices. The US Department of Justice notifies Microsoft it is proceeding with its own antitrust investigation, focussing on DOS marketing practices. The European Commission also begins its own independent investigation. [59] [128] [548.348] [775] [939.64] [1299.463] [1462.94] [1627.5] [1700.69] (July 1994 [785.111])

August

• Microsoft reports its first US$1 billion sales quarter. [75]
• Conner Peripherals sues IBM for infringing on five of its patents. IBM countersues Conner Peripherals for infringement on nine of its patents. [548.369]
• A U.S. Federal Court judge rules in favor of Lotus Development in its copyright infringement lawsuit against Borland International. Borland International stock falls to US$7 per share, from a one time high of US$82. [67] [103] [453.4] [548.343]
• Microsoft releases the Windows NT 3.1 operating system. The software comprises 6.5 million lines of code. [1182.166] [1897.130]
• Apple Computer ships the Apple PowerCD, a portable CD-ROM drive that supports audio CDs and Kodak Photo CDs as well. [2015.55]
• Compton's New Media Incorporated receives a patent on multimedia search and retrieval technology, from the U.S. Patent and Trade Office. [99] [468.8] [548.355]

August 24

• Apple Computer loses its appeal of the ruling in favor of Microsoft in June, ending its legal battle against Microsoft Windows. [582.92] [1886.69] [2605.173]

August (month)

• Top selling MS-DOS computer game in the USA during the month: Lands of Lore. [1506.272]
• Top selling Amiga computer game in the USA during the month: 688 Attack Sub. [1506.272]
• Top selling Macintosh computer game in the USA during the month: Prince of Persia. [1506.272]

(month unknown)

• AT&T buys Go, and merges it into Eo. [1071]
• Microsoft releases the Microsoft Arcade software for Windows 3.1. It includes Missile Command, Asteroids, Centipede, Tempest, Battlezone. Price is US$39.95. [1506.180]

September

• Apple Computer's net sales hit a record US$8 billion for fiscal year. [46]
• Corel completes its purchase of Ventura Software. [766.70]
• IBM ships a Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) Software Development Kit (SDK) for OS/2 and Windows. [693.125]
• IBM ships the DCE client for OS/2. [693.125]
• The 1992 Joint Development contract between IBM and Microsoft, in which each company had access to the other's source code for OS/2 and Windows, expires. [501.102] [544.30]
• The game Myst is released for personal computers. (Sales over the next four years: 3 million copies.) [854.94] [1472.47] [1678.83] [2661.244] (February 1994 [2530.50])
• Symantec acquires Fifth Generation Systems, maker of backup and security utilities for various operating systems. [68] [548.365]
• Berkeley Systems sues Delrina over Delrina's "Death Toasters" in the Opus N' Bill Screen Saver program. [548.378]
• Gateway 2000 introduces the industry's first VESA VL-bus system. [183]
• IBM Electronics begins manufacturing x86 processors for Cyrix. [367]
• Motorola begins volume shipments of the PowerPC 601 chip. [582.107]
• A coalition of hardware and software vendors announce the OpenDoc application integration initiative. Members include Apple Computer, Borland, IBM, Novell, Oracle, Taligent, WordPerfect, and Xerox. [687.120]
• European Community authorities begin an antitrust investigation of Microsoft's licensing practices. [775]
• VLSI Technology and Intel announce the Polar processor chip set for handheld computers. The VI86C300 integrated processor controller incorporates a 386 processor core with 2 kB cache, memory controller, LCD controller, andgraphics accelerator. The VI86C100 multiple peripheral controller includes support for peripherals typically used in handheld systems. Speed is 33 MHz. Price is US$50 in quantities of 10,000. [1812]

September 18

• Eight games by Sierra On-Line for the Macintosh cause the system to lock-up, due to a time-related algorithm bug. [1792.14]

September (month)

• Top selling MS-DOS computer game in the USA during the month: Microsoft Flight Simulation 5.0. [1507.240]
• Top selling Amiga computer game in the USA during the month: Overlord. [1507.240]
• Top selling Macintosh computer game in the USA during the month: Star Trek: 25th Anniversary. [1507.240]

(month unknown)

• Apple Computer renames the Macintosh Centris 660AV as the Macintosh Quadra 660AV. [581.92]
• Apple Computer discontinues the Macintosh IIvx. [581.98]
• Apple Computer discontinues the Macintosh IIvi. [581.98]
• Apple Computer discontinues the Macintosh Performa 600. [581.98]
• Apple Computer discontinues the Macintosh Quadra 800. [581.98]
• Apple Computer discontinues the Macintosh Performa 400. [581.98]
• Apple Computer discontinues the Macintosh Performa 405. [581.98]
• Apple Computer discontinues the Macintosh Performa 430. [581.98]
• Apple Computer discontinues the Macintosh Performa 450. [581.98]
• Apple Computer discontinues the Macintosh Performa 200. [581.98]

October 14

• The Fox Broadcasting Company airs The Simpsons TV show in the US. Personal computers are shown, including using a telephone line for modem communications. [1782]

October 15

• John Sculley announces his resignation as chairman of Apple Computer. He is replaced by Mike Markkula. [46] [71] [75] [1886.69] [2605.162]

October

• IBM releases XR06100 ServicePak for OS/2 2.0. [858.71]
• IBM and Motorola announce the 80 MHz PowerPC 601 processor. Motorola's price is US$500 in 20,000 unit quantities. IBM's price is US$490 in 25,000 unit quantities. [540.64] [557.134] [1074] [1597.186]
• IBM announces the 80 MHz PowerPC 604 processor. [1597.186]
• Cyrix begins shipping the Cx486DX and Cx386DX2 microprocessors. [520] (September [507.26])
• At the Microprocessor Forum, Advanced RISC Machines unveils the ARM7 processor family. Features are 0.8 micron technology, 3-5 volt operation, 20-33 MHz. [1100]
• At the Microprocessor Forum, AT&T Microelectronics announces the Hobbit 92020S processor, compatible with the 92010 processor. The 92020S doubles the instruction cache to 6 kB, and operates at 20 MHz. Price is US$37 in 10,000 unit quantities. [1074]
• At the Microprocessor Forum, Advanced Micro Devices announces the Am386SC processor for handheld computers. Operating speed is up to 33 MHz, operating at 3.3 Volts. Price is US$49 in 10,000 unit quantities. [1074]
• Sigma Designs releases RealMagic, a MPEG playback card for Windows computers. [1585.48]
• At the Microprocessor Forum, Motorola and IBM unveil initial samples of the PowerPC 603 processor, the second in the PowerPC processor series. It features separate 8 kB instruction and data caches, fabrication in a 0.5 micron four-layer-metal CMOS process incorporating 1.6 million transistors Production versions should be 66 and 80 MHz in about one year's time. [46] [71] [1074] [540.64]
• At the Microprocessor Forum, Texas Instruments introduces four 486 processors, based on the Cyrix 486SLC, adding an 8 kB cache and clock-doubler. The processors are TI486SXLC-33, TI486SXL-40, TI486SXLC2-50, TI486SXL2-50, with prices in 1000 unit quantities are, respectively, US$79, US$89, US$110, US$149. [1100]
• At the Microprocessor Forum, Advanced RISC Machines unveils the ARM7 processor family. Features are 0.8 micron technology, 3-5 volt operation, 20-33 MHz. [1100]
• At the Microprocessor Forum, Cyrix gives first details of an x86-compatible processor code named M1. [1074] (November 1994 [211.78])
• Apple Computer announces Macintosh TV, which includes Apple CD 300i CD drive for audio CDs and data CD-ROMs, 640x240 resolution 14-inch TV, internal cable-TV tuner, 60 MB hard drive, 5 MB RAM, 1.4 MB SuperDrive, speakers, video ports, 32 MHz 68030 CPU, for US$2079. [46] [140] [2015.34] [662.37]
• NEC Technologies unveils the first triple-speed (450 kBps) CD-ROM drive. [70]
• Apple Computer renames the Macintosh Centris 610 as the Macintosh Quadra 610. It features a 25 MHz 68040, Ethernet port, 8 MB RAM, 160 MB hard drive, and 512 kB video RAM. [75] [581.94]
• Apple Computer introduces the Macintosh LC 475. It features a 25 MHz 68LC040, 80 MB hard drive, 4 MB RAM, 512 kB video RAM, 14-inch monitor, for US$1299. [581.94]
• Apple Computer introduces the Macintosh Performa 475. It features a 25 MHz 68LC040, 160 MB hard drive, 4 MB RAM, 512 kB video RAM, and 14-inch monitor. [581.94]
• Apple Computer introduces the Macintosh Performa 476. It features a 25 MHz 68LC040, 230 MB hard drive, 4 MB RAM, 512 kB video RAM, and 14-inch monitor. [581.94]
• Apple Computer introduces the Macintosh Performa 460. It features a 33 MHz 68030, 80 MB hard drive, 4 MB RAM, 512 kB video RAM, and 14-inch Performa Display monitor, for US$1300. [581.94]
• Apple Computer introduces the Macintosh Performa 466. It features a 33 MHz 68030, 160 MB hard drive, 4 MB RAM, 512 kB video RAM, and 14-inch monitor. [581.94]
• Apple Computer introduces the Macintosh Performa 467. It features a 33 MHz 68030, 160 MB hard drive, 4 MB RAM, 512 kB video RAM, and 14-inch monitor. [581.94]
• Apple Computer introduces the Macintosh Performa 550. It features a 33 MHz 68030, 160 MB hard drive, 5 MB RAM, 768 kB video RAM, and 14-inch monitor. [581.94]
• Apple Computer introduces the Macintosh LC 520. It features a 25 MHz 68030, 80 MB hard drive, 5 MB RAM, 768 kB video RAM, 300 kBps internal CD-ROM, and 14-inch monitor. [581.94] [634]
• Apple Computer renames the Centris 650 as the Quadra 650, with a 33 MHz 68040, 8 MB RAM, 230 MB hard drive, and 512 kB video RAM. [75] [581.92]
• Apple Computer introduces the Quadra 605. It features a 25 MHz 68LC040, 80 MB or 160 MB hard drive, 4 MB RAM, and 512 kB video RAM. [75] [581.94]
• Apple Computer introduces the PowerBook Duo 250. It features a 33 MHz 68030, 4 MB RAM, 200 MB hard drive, 9-inch diagonal 640x400 85 dpi grayscale active matrix LCD screen, Type II nickel metal hydride batteries. It weighs 4.2 pounds. [75] [581.102] [723.100]
• Apple Computer introduces the PowerBook Duo 270c. It features a 33 MHz 68030, 68882 math coprocessor, 4 MB RAM, 240 MB hard drive, 8.4-inch 94 dpi 640x400 16-bit color active matrix LCD screen, Type II nickel metal hydride batteries. Weight is 4.8 pounds. [75] [581.102] [723.100]
• Apple Computer releases System 7 Pro, which includes System 7.11, AppleScript 1.0, QuickTime 1.6.1, and PowerTalk 1.0. [583.55] [662.38]
• IBM and Motorola announce the PowerPC Reference Platform (PReP) specification. With this, system makers could make compatible systems that can run shrink-wrapped applications. Such systems could run AIX, Solaris, Windows NT, and others. [881.81] [1099]
• Microsoft releases Microsoft Office 4.0. [212.216] [1701.141,390]
• Advanced Micro Devices announces the 66 MHz Am486DX2, for US$463 in 1000 unit quantities. [540.64] [1100]
• WordPerfect ships WordPerfect 3.0 for the Macintosh. [583.55]

October (month)

• Top selling MS-DOS/Windows computer game in the USA during the month: Microsoft Flight Simulation 5.0. [2310.224]
• Top selling Amiga computer game in the USA during the month: Overlord. [2310.224]
• Top selling Macintosh computer game in the USA during the month: Chuck Yeager's Air Combat. [2310.224]

(month unknown)

• America Online releases America Online software for Windows. [1280.49]
• At the 45th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards, the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences awards the Video Toaster's designers and NewTek's president an Emmy, for developments in television engineering. [816.14]
• Microsoft releases Microsoft Word 6.0 for Windows. [697.99]
• Advanced Micro Devices announces the 40 MHz 486DXL processor, for US$283 in 1000 unit quantities. [1100]

November 8

• Microsoft ships Windows for Workgroups 3.11. [123] [479.129] [538] [909.236] [1559] [1629.35] [1639.124] (March [721.156])

November

• IBM releases OS/2 2.1 for Windows. It is like OS/2 2.1, but does not include Win-OS/2 3.1. Code-name during development was Ferengi. [537.32] [858.71] [1312]
• The National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) releases Mosaic v1.0 web browser. [861.44] [931] [1298.189]

November 15

• Apple Computer drops the Apple IIe computer from its product list. [2605.19]

November

• At the Comdex trade show, Compton's New Media issues a statement that it has been granted a patent on search and retrieval in multimedia, and that anyone wishing to sell information in a multimedia format must pay them a license fee. [99] [468.8] [548.355] [1507.10]
• At the Comdex trade show, ATI introduces the ATI Video Wonder card. It combines high-performance graphics and motion video for US$999. [807.73]
• At the Comdex trade show, Yamaha introduces its first PC sound card, the CBX-B1. [807.73]
• At the Comdex trade show, Cyrix formally announces the 486SLC2 processor, a clock-doubled version of its 486SLC. [1099]
• At the Comdex trade show, IBM demonstrates a system running a 95 MHz PowerPC 601 processor. [1099]
• At the Comdex trade show, Apple Computer demonstrates a Macintosh Quadra 610 with an Apple-designed 486SX board, running MS-DOS. [2015.33]
• At the Comdex trade show, several systems vendors announce or demonstrate Windows NT systems powered by Alpha or MIPS processors. [1099]
• At the Comdex trade show, Michael Spindler, CEO of Apple Computer, comments that the System 7 Macintosh operating system could eventually be licensed for use on other PowerPC systems. [1099]
• Apple Computer licenses its PowerPC Macintosh operating system ROMs to DayStar Digital for upgrade cards. [2015.33] [1597.186]
• Apple Computer quietly discontinues the Apple II product line. In its 17 year history, 5 million units were shipped. [46] [75] [1559] (2 million [2322])
• Sales of Apple Computer's PowerBook series hit the 1 million mark. [46] [75]
• Microsoft releases MS-DOS 6.2. [72] [750.56]
• Benny S. Lee, of Everex Systems, Inc. is sentenced to one year in prison for manufacturing and selling counterfeit MS-DOS software. This is the first time a prison sentence is handed down for software counterfeiting in the U.S. [123]

November (month)

• Top selling MS-DOS/Windows computer game in the USA during the month: Microsoft Flight Simulation 5.0. [2311.184]
• Top selling Amiga computer game in the USA during the month: Overlord. [2311.184]
• Top selling Macintosh computer game in the USA during the month: SimCity 2000. [2311.184]

(month unknown)

• Apple Computer runs its "1984" TV ad in Russia. [582.117]

December 10

• id Software releases the Doom game for MS-DOS to the public, via the ftp site on the University of Wisconsin's computer system. The game's name was inspired by a scene in the movie The Color of Money. [897.39] [1511.22] [1870.65] [2445.72] [2583.176] [2614.86] [2661.261]
• SunSoft (a subsidiary of Sun Microsystems) ships the first version of WABI, providing Microsoft Windows application compatibility on Solaris, Intel, and Sparc versions of UNIX. [73] [1365.40]
• Paramount Pictures releases the film Wayne's World 2 to theaters in the USA. A character in the film wears an Amiga Video Toaster t-shirt. [2343]

December

• Cyrix introduces the 486SRx2 processor, as an upgrade to systems running 16-25 MHz 386SX processors. The 486SRx2 clips onto the 386SX and disables it. The 20 MHz part sells for US$269, and the 25 MHz part sells for US$299. [1073]

December 13

• Cyrix and Texas Instruments file lawsuits against each other over Cyrix's 486 processor design databases. Texas Instruments is demanding that Cyrix deliver the design databases, and Cyrix is demanding that Texas Instruments cease manufacturing and distributing Cyrix licensed products. [1073]

December

• Borland International files an appeal of the August 1993 court ruling in its legal battle with Lotus Development over Quattro Pro compatibility with Lotus 1-2-3. [548.343]
• Compaq posts record sales of US$7.2 billion, with earnings of US$462 million. [75]
• Lotus Development wins a preliminary judgement over Borland International in its spreadsheet copyright suit. Borland International removes its Lotus 1-2-3 compatibility macros from Quattro Pro and releases it. [548.343]

December 22

• Microsoft ships Excel 5.0 for Windows. [1701.201]

December

• IBM posts a year-end loss of US$8.1 billion, on total sales of US$62.7 billion. [75]
• Shipments of OS/2 2.0 to date: nearly 5 million. [858.17]

December 31

• Shipments of IBM OS/2 2.1 to date: 3 million. [1312]

December (month)

• Top selling MS-DOS/Windows computer game in the USA during the month: Microsoft Flight Simulation 5.0. [1508.184]
• Top selling Amiga computer game in the USA during the month: AD&D Gateway to the Savage Frontier. [1508.184]
• Top selling Macintosh computer game in the USA during the month: SimCity 2000. [1508.184]

Year

• Shipments of Apple Computer Newton MessagePad PDA for the year: 50,000. [1054]
• Shipments of handheld computers for the year: 244,000. [782.36]
• Shipments of optical drives worldwide during the year: 103.3 million. [1587.42]
• Unit shipments of Advanced Micro Devices 486 processors during the year: 350,000. [1054]
• Shipments of Zilog Z80 processors for the year: 30 million. [824]
• Shipments of Motorola 68000 processors for the year: 36 million. [824]
• Shipments of x86 processors by Texas Instruments for the year: over 1 million. [245]
• Worldwide shipment of CD-ROM drives for the year: 8 million. [909.236]
• Apple Computer tops PC Vendor List in US shipments for the second consecutive year. [46]
• Shipments of ink jet printers for the year: 3.29 million. Revenue: US$1.68 billion. [864.8]
• Estimated world-wide shipments of personal computers: 38.8 million. [143]
• Shipments of Pentium systems for the year: 210,000. [220.6]
• Shipments of magneto-optical disks for the year: 1.36 million. [823.21]
• Percent of US homes with personal computers: 26-33%. [214] [1559]
• Market share of Intel-based PCs for the year: 486 40%. [509.36]
• Shipments of IBM personal computers for the year: 2,075,000. [506.38]
• Shipments of Apple Computer personal computers for the year: 2,050,000. [506.38]
• Shipments of Compaq Computer personal computers for the year: 1,418,000. [506.38]
• Shipments of Packard Bell personal computers for the year: 997,000. [506.38]
• Shipments of Dell personal computers for the year: 795,000. [506.38]
• Shipments of Gateway 2000 personal computers for the year: 644,000. [506.38]
• Shipments of AST Research personal computers for the year: 530,000. [506.38]
• Shipments of Tandy personal computers for the year: 350,000. [506.38]
• Shipments of Toshiba personal computers for the year: 316,000. [506.38]
• Shipments of Zenith Data Systems personal computers for the year: 307,000. [506.38]
• Shipments of Microsoft Windows operating system for the year: 25 million. [824]
• Shipments of Microsoft Windows NT for the year: 300,000. [507.32] (500,000 [824])
• Market share of personal computers worldwide during the year: IBM 10.8%, Apple Computer 9.4%, Compaq Computer 8.1%. [1659.D7]
• Shipments of personal computers to the Middle East and Africa for the year: 1.2 million units. [223]
• Market share of personal computer operating systems worldwide during the year: MS-DOS 85.7%, Mac OS 6.7%, Unix 1.5%, OS/2 3.0%, other 3.0%. [1639.105]
• Market share of PC LAN operating systems: Microsoft: 8%. [223]
• Estimate of loss in the US to software piracy: US$1.57 billion. [1520.18]
• Estimate of worldwide loss to software piracy: US$7.5 billion. [1520.18]

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