- February 25
- Birth of Otto Liebmann; German philosopher (Climax of Theories). [1]
- February 29
- Birth of John Philip Holland in Liscannor, Ireland; pioneer in submarine building. [1]
- March 5
- Birth of Constance Fenimore Woolson in Claremont, New Hampshire, USA; writer (Jupiter Lights). [1]
- March 11
- Birth of Edmund Kirby Junior; US Brigadier General (Union volunteers) (dies 1863). [1]
- March 26
- Birth of George Smith in London, England; assyriologist (cuneiform (script)). [1]
- March 28
- Birth of Mehemed Emin Pasja; German explorer/Governor (Equatoria). [1]
- March 31
- Birth of John Herbert Kelly; Brigadier General (Confederate Army) (dies 1864). [1]
- April 2
- Birth of Émile Zola in France; novelist (Nana, J'Accuse) (dies 1902). [1] [5]
- April 20
- Birth of Odilon Redon; French painter/author (La nuit, Rêves). [1]
- April 21
- Birth of Franz Xaver Haberl; German priest/musicologist (Magister choralis). [1]
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- April 25
- Birth of James Dearing; Brigadier General (Confederate Army) (dies 1865). [1]
- April 27
- Birth of Edward Whymper; first to climb Matterhorn (1865). [1]
- May 2
- Birth of Theodor Herzl; founded Zionist movement. [1]
- May 7
- Birth of Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky in Votkinsk, Russia; composer (The Nutcracker, Swan Lake, 1812 Overture) (dies 1893). [1] [5]
- May 13
- Birth of Alphonse Daudet, French writer (Tartarin of Tarascon). [1]
- May 29
- Birth of Hans Makart, Austrian painter (Plague in Florenz). [1]
- June 2
- Birth of Thomas Hardy in England; poet/novelist (Mayor of Casterbridge). [1]
- June 21
- Birth of Edward Stanley Gibbons in Plymouth, England; chemist, postage stamp dealer. [1016.95] [1249.924]
- July 25
- Birth of Flora Adams Darling; founded Daughters of American Revolution. [1]
- August 17
- Birth of Wilfrid Scawen Blunt in England; writer (Irish Land League). [1]
- September 27
- Birth of Alfred Thayer Mahan; US naval officer (Influence of Sea Power). [1]
- Birth of Thomas Nast; political cartoonist of late 1800s America. [1]
- October 5
- Birth of John Addington Symonds; British historian/writer (Problems in Greek Ethics). [1]
- October 12
- Birth of Helena Modjeska in Poland; Shakespearian actress (Juliet)/anti-Russian. [1]
- November 12
- Birth of François Auguste René Rodin in Paris, France; sculptor (The Age of Bronze, The Thinker). [1] [246.24]
- November 14
- Birth of Claude Monet in France; impressionist painter (Water Lilies) (dies 1926). [1] [5]
- December 11
- Birth of Kemal Bey in Turkey; poet/author (Fatherland - 1872). [1]
- December 21
- Birth of Mehmed N Kemal; Turkish journalist (Vatan). [1]
1841
- January 15
- Birth of Lord Frederick Stanley; presenter of hockey's Stanley Cup. [1]
- January 18
- Birth of Alexis-Emmanuel Chabrier in France; composer (Le Roi Malgré Lui). [1]
- January 25
- Birth of John Arbuthnot Fisher in Ceylon; first Baron Fisher/admiral of the fleet. [1]
- February 4
- Birth of Clément Ader; French inventor (first to fly a heavier-than-air craft). [1]
- February 12
- Birth of Gijsbert van Tienhoven; Dutch mayor (Amsterdam)/foreign minister. [1]
- February 25
- Birth of Pierre Auguste Renoir in Limoges, France; Impressionist painter/sculptor. [1]
- February 26
- Birth of Evelyn Baring, Earl Cromer, English Consul-General (Egypt). [1]
- March 1
- Birth of Blanche Kelso Bruce in Farmville, Virginia, USA; American politician (Senator-Mississippi, 1875-1881). [1]
- March 3
- Birth of John Murray; Canadian oceanographer (Depths of the Ocean). [1]
- March 4
- Birth of Kristian Mandrup Elster; Norwegian author (And fremmed Fugl). [1]
- March 7
- Birth of Olegario Víctor Andrade in Argentina; poet (El nido de cóndores). [1]
- March 8
- Birth of Oliver Wendell Holmes in Massachusetts, USA; 59th Supreme Court justice (1902-32). [1]
- August 25
- Birth of Theodor Kocher; Swiss surgeon, thyroid specialist (Nobel Prize 1909). [1]
- September 8
- Birth of Antonín Dvorák Nelahozeves; Czech composer (New World Symphony). [1]
- September 28
- Birth of Georges Clemenceau in France; statesman/Prime Minister (defended Dreyfuss). [1]
- November 9
- Birth of Edward VII; king of England (1901-10). [1]
- November 12
- Birth of Lord Rayleigh in England; physicist/chancellor of Cambridge (1908-14). [1]
- November 20
- Birth of Wilfrid Laurier; 7th Canadian Prime Minister (Liberal, 1896-1911). [1]
- December 20
- Birth of Ferdinand-Èdouard Buisson in France; educator (Nobel Peace Prize 1927). [1]
1842
- January 15
- Birth of Josef Breuer in Vienna, Austria; initiated psychoanalysis which Freud later developed. [37]
- January 17
- Birth of Anton G van Hamel; founder (Roman Philology in Netherlands). [1]
- February 22
- Birth of Carl Rosa in Hamburg, Germany; founder (Rosa opera company). [1]
- Birth of Léon Vanderkindere; Belgian historian/mayor (Ukkel). [1]
- February 25
- Birth of Karl May; German writer (Old Shatterhand, Winnetou). [1]
- March 10
- Birth of Ina Donna Coolbrith; US poet laureate of California. [1]
- March 18
- Birth of Stéphane Mallarmé; French poet (L'Après-midi d'un faune). [1]
- April 18
- Birth of Antero Tarquinio de Quental in Portugal; poet (Beatrice). [1]
- April 25
- Birth of Antonio Fogazzarro; Italian writer/poet (Il santo, Leila). [1]
- April 28
- Birth of Louis of Orleans; Earl of Brazil (1870-89). [1]
- April 29
- Birth of Karl Millöcker; Austria conductor/composer (Beggar Student). [1]
- May 12
- Birth of Jules Emile Fred Massenet in Montaud, France; composer (Manon, Le Cid). [1]
- May 13
- Birth of Arthur Seymour Sullivan in London, England; composer (Gilbert and Sullivan). [1]
- July 24
- Birth of Ambrose Bierce in Ohio, USA; writer (Nuggets and Dust), satirist (Devil's Dictionary). [1]
- October 28
- Birth of Anna Elizabeth Dickinson; orator (Joan of Arc of the Civil War). [1]
- November 14
- Birth of Walter Williams; claimed to be last survivor of Civil War (dies 1959). [1]
- December 3
- Birth of Ellen Henrietta Richards; US chemist (American Home Economics Association-first president). [1]
- December 7
- Birth of Otto Ammon; German anthropologist/sociologist (schedelmetingen). [1]
- December 17
- Birth of Marius Sophus Lie; Norwegian mathematician (continuous groups). [1]
1843
- January 20
- Birth of Pierre-Paul Cambon; French diplomat (Madrid, Constantinople, London). [1]
- January 29
- Birth of William McKinley in Niles, Ohio, USA; 25th American President (Republican, 1897-1901) (dies 1901). [1] [5]
- February 19
- Birth of Adelina Patti in Madrid, Spain; operatic coloratura (Lucia). [1]
- February 22
- Birth of Affonso de Escragnolle Taunay; French/Brazilian writer (Inocencia). [1]
- March 18
- Birth of Jules Vandenpeereboom; premier of Belgium (1899). [1]
- April 4
- Birth of Hans Richter Györ (Raab/Gyoer) in Hungary; conductor (Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra). [1]
- April 15
- Birth of Henry James in New York City, New York, USA; American/British writer/critic (Turn of the Screw, Bostonians). [1]
- May 2
- Birth of Elijah McCoy; inventor, granted over 50 patents including a lubricator for steam engines ("the Real McCoy") (born 1929). [5] (1844 [1])
- May 6
- Birth of Grove Karl Gilbert; geologist, investigated Lake Bonneville, Utah. [1]
- May 10
- Birth of Benito Pérez Galdós in Spain; novelist (Fountain of Gold, Nazáarin). [1]
- June 7
- Birth of Susan Elizabeth Blow; American, pioneered kindergarten education. [1]
- June 9
- Birth of Bertha von Suttner in Austria; novelist/pacifist (Nobel Prize 1905). [1]
- June 15
- Birth of Edvard Grieg in Bergen, Norway; composer (Bewitched One). [1]
- October 25
- Birth of Gleb Uspensky in Russia; author (Power of the Soil). [1]
- December 9
- Birth of P Paul Leroy-Beaulieu; French economist (Economiste Français). [1]
- December 11
- Birth of Robert Koch; German bacteriologist (tiberculosis, cholera, Nobel Prize 1905). [1]
- December 29
- Birth of Elisabeth, queen of Romania/poet (Rumänische Dichtungen). [1]
1844
- January 30
- Birth of Moritz F Freiherr von Bissing; German General/Governor-General of Belgium (1914-17). [1]
- February 1
- Birth of Eduard Adolf Strasburger; German botanist (Angiospermen). [1]
- February 17
- Birth of A Montgomery Ward; founded US mail-order business (Montgomery Ward). [1]
- February 18
- Birth of Willem Maris; Dutch painter (Hague School). [1]
- February 20
- Birth of Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann in Austria; physicist (statistical mechanics). [1]
- February 21
- Birth of Charles-Marie Widor in Lyons, France; composer/professor (Paris Conservatory). [1]
- March 4
- Birth of Josip Jurcic; Slovenian writer (10th Brother). [1]
- March 10
- Birth of Pablo Martin M de Sarasate y Navascuez; composer (Spanish Dancing). [1]
- March 14
- Birth of King Umberto I of Italy (1878-1900). [1]
- March 15
- Birth of Bransby Cooper; cricket player (in Dhaka Batsman in Australia's first Test). [1]
- March 18
- Birth of Nicolai Andreevich Rimski-Korsakov in Tikhvin, Russia; composer (Flight of the Bumble Bee, Scheherazade). [1]
- March 19
- Birth of Ulrika "Minna" Cant-Johnstown; Finnish playwright (Kovan onnen lapsia). [1]
- March 27
- Birth of Adolphus Washington Greely; American Arctic explorer, US Army General, Medal of Honor recipient, Chief Signal Officer (1887-1906). [1]
- March 30
- Birth of Paul M Verlaine in France; lyric poet (Sagesse Bonbeur). [1]
- March 31
- Birth of Andrew Lang in Scotland; author (The Blue Fairy Book). [1]
- April 16
- Birth of Jacques Anatole Francois Thibault AKA Anatole France in France; writer (Thaïs, The Wickerwork Woman, Nobel Prize 1921). [1]
- May 3
- Birth of Richard D'Oyly Carte in England; opera impresario (Ivanhoe). [1]
- May 9
- Birth of [Maria] Catharina Beersmans; Belgian actress (Bad Herders). [1]
- May 20
- Birth of Henri Julien Felix Rousseau; French ambassador, painter (The Dream). [1]
- May 22
- Birth of Mary Cassatt; US impressionist painter (Woman Bathing). [1]
- June 3
- Birth of Garret Augustus Hobart; 24th US Vice President (Republican, 1897-99). [1]
- July 22
- Birth of William Archibald Spooner in London, England; reverend, invented "spoonerisms". [1]
- July 28
- Birth of Gerard Manley Hopkins in England; poet (The Windhover). [1]
- August 17
- Birth of Menelik II, King of Ethiopia (1896-1913). [1]
- August 19
- Birth of Minna Canth in Finland; novelist/dramatist (social evils). [1]
- September 17
- Birth of Tivadar Puská in Hungary; inventor of telephone-newspaper. [404.58]
- October 3
- Birth of Patrick Manson; "Father of tropical medicine". [1]
- October 11
- Birth of Henry John Heinz; founded prepared-foods company (57 varieties). [1]
- October 12
- Birth of George W Cable; American writer (Northampton Years). [1]
- October 15
- Birth of Friedrich Nietzsche in Germany; philosopher/anti-semite (Ubermensch). [1]
- October 22
- Louis Riel is born in Saint Boniface, Assiniboia, Canada; member of Parliament 1873-74, president of Council of Assiniboia, Métis leader of Red River Uprising 1869-70 and Northwest Rebellion 1885. [1] [271.556]
- October 23
- Birth of Robert Bridges; poet laureate of England (The Testament of Beauty). [1]
- October 27
- Birth of Klas Arnoldson in Sweden; politician/pacifist (Nobel Prize 1908). [1]
- November 10
- Birth of John SD Thompson; fourth Prime Minister of Canada (Conservative, 1892-94). [1]
- December 1
- Birth of Alexandra; Danish princess/Queen of Great Britain/Ireland. [1]
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