- February 5
- Henry of Navarre abjures Catholicism at Tours. [1]
- March 5
- Don Luís de Requesens y Zuñiga viceroy of Netherlands (1573-76), dies at age 70. [1]
- April 27
- Peace of Beaulieu and Paix de Monsieur. [1]
- May 14
- Dutch Council of State replaced by Council of Beroerten. [1]
- May 23
- Tycho Brahe given Hveen Island to build Uraniborg Observatory. [1]
- May 27
- Louis de Boisot Dutch Admiral, drowns at about age 44. [1]
- May 29
- Spanish army under Mondragón conquerors Zierik sea. [1]
- November 4
- Spanish defeat Walloons and take Antwerp Belgium. [1]
1577
- February 6
- King Henri de Bourbon of Navarra becomes leader of Huguenots. [1]
- February 12
- Spanish land guardian Don Juan of Habsburg signs "Eternal Edict". [1]
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- February 26
- Erik XIV Wasa King of Sweden (1560-69), dies at age 43. [1]
- May 8
- Viglius ab Aytta Zuichemus lawyer/President (Raad van State), dies. [1]
- December 13
- Francis Drake sets sail from England to go around the world. [1]
- December 16
- Danzig surrenders to troops of Polish king István Báthory. [1]
1578
- February 5
- Giovanni B Moroni Italian portrait painter, dies. [1]
- March 10
- Queen Elizabeth I gives Johan Casimir £20,000 to aid Dutch rebellion. [1]
- March 31
- Juan de Escobedo Secretary of Spanish land guardian Don Juan, murdered. [1]
- August 4
- Battle of Alcazarquivir, Morrocans defeat Portugeese. [1]
- November 29
- Captain Francis Drake reaches La Mocha Island off Chile, begins collecting treasure from land and from ships to take back to England. [694.26]
1579
- January 6
- Artois/Hainault/Dowaai sign pro-Spanish Union of Arras. [1]
- January 7
- England signs an offensive and defensive alliance with the Netherlands. [1]
- January 23
- Union of Utrecht signed, forming protestant Dutch Republic. [1]
- January 25
- Treaty of Utrecht signed, marks beginning of Dutch Republic. [1]
- March 5
- Betuwe joins Union of Utrecht. [1]
- March 6
- Veluwe joins Union of Utrecht. [1]
- March 23
- Friesland joins Union of Utrecht. [1]
- April 11
- Venlo joins Union of Utrecht. [1]
- May 7
- Congress of Cologne forms in Netherlands. [1]
- May 17
- Artois/Henegouwen/French-Flanders sign Treaty/Peace of Parma recognizing Spanish duke van Parma as land guardian. [1]
- June 17
- Sir Francis Drake lands on the coast of California. [1]
- August 8
- Cornerstone is laid for Tycho Brahe's Uraniborg observatory. [1]
- October 13
- Captain Francis Drake reaches the Philippines on westward circumnavigation of globe from England. [694.30]
- December 12
- Captain Francis Drake departs from the Spice Islands, after drafting a treaty for spice trade with England in exchange for naval protection. [694.30]
- December 21
- Juan de Juanes [Vicente Juan Maçip] Spanish ecclesiastical painter, dies at age 56. [1]
1580
- January 18
- Antonio Scandello Italian composer (Passion of John), dies at age 63. [1]
- January 31
- Hendrik Portuguese cardinal/epilepticus/regent (1578-80), dies. [1]
- February 15
- Cunerus Petri Dutch theologist/bishop of Leeuwarden, dies. [1]
- March 3
- Jacob Hillebrand Dutch mayor of Groningen, dies. [1]
- March 15
- Spanish king Philip II puts 25,000 gold coins on head of prince Willem of Orange. [1]
- March 17
- Prince Willem of Orange welcomed in Amsterdam. [1]
- March 26
- Captain Francis Drake sets off west from Java to cross the Indian Ocean on circumnavigation of globe from England. [694.30]
- April 11
- Drenthe joins Union of Utrecht. [1]
- May 27
- Jonker Barthold Entens van Mentheda until Middelstum dies. [1]
- June 10
- Luís Vaz de Camoes Portugal's national poet, dies. [1]
- August 25
- Battle of Alcantara, Spain defeats Portugal. [1]
- September 26
- Captain Francis Drake returns to England, completing circumnavigation of the globe. [5] [694.31]
- December 1
- Edmund Campion English jesuit, hanged at age 42. [1]
- Giovanni Morone Italian theologian/diplomat/cardinal, dies at age 71. [1]
1581
- January 16
- English parliament passes laws against Catholicism. [1]
- January 22
- Joost de Damhoudere Flemish lawyer, dies. [1]
- Seerp Galama Dutch nobleman/military/politician, dies at age 52. [1]
- January 28
- James VI signs the second Confession of Faith in Scotland. [1]
- February 24
- Pope Gregory approves the results of his calendar reform commission. [1]
- March 25
- Portugese Cortes calls Philip II king of Portugal. [1]
- April 1
- Portugese Cortes subjects himself on Philip II. [1]
- April 4
- Francis Drake completes circumnavigation of the world and is knighted. [1]
- April 15
- Cortes van Thomar accepts Philip II as king of Portugal. [1]
- July 26
- The States-General renounces King Philip II's sovereignty over the provinces Friesland, Gelderland, Groningen, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, and Zeeland. [1056.471]
1582
- January 15
- Russia cedes Livonia and Estonia to Poland, loses access to the Baltic. [1]
- February 19
- Francis of Valois becomes duke of Brabant. [1]
- February 24
- Pope Gregory XIII announces New Style (Gregorian) calendar. [1]
- March 18
- Jean Jaurequi, of Basque, Spain, attempts an assassination of Willem of Orange at Antwerp. He fails, is caught and lynched. [1]
- April 3
- French van Valois honored as duke of Gelre/earl of Zutphen. [1]
- May 5
- Charlotte de Bourbon Princess of Orange, dies. [1]
- October 4
- Last day of the Julian calendar in Italy, many Catholic countries; next day is called October 15, skipping 10 days to bring calendar back into alignment with the seasons. [1] [983.22]
- October 15
- Many Catholic countries switch to Gregorian calendar, skip past 10 days on old calendar. Under order of Pope Gregorius XIII, at the turn of centuries one day is added if the century is divisible by 400. The first day of the calendar is designated to be January 1. [1] [983.23]
- November 28
- In Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway pay a £40 bond for their marriage license. [5]
- December 9
- Last day of Julian calendar in France, next day is December 20. [1] [983.26]
- December 11
- Fernando Alvarez de Toledo marquis of Soria, dies at about age 75. [1]
- December 14
- Zealand/Brabant Netherlands adopt Gregorian calendar, tomorrow is December 25. [1]
- December 15
- Leidse University names Rembert Dodoens professor of botany/medicine. [1]
- Spanish Netherlands/Denmark/Norway adopt Gregorian calendar. [1]
- December 20
- First day of Gregorian calendar in France. [983.26]
- December 21
- Flanders adopts Gregorian calendar, tomorrow is January 1 1583. [1]
- December 25
- Zealand/Brabant adopts Gregorian calendar, yesterday was December 14th. [1]
1583
- January 1
- First day of the Gregorian calendar in Holland and Flanders. [1]
- January 12
- Holland begins use of Gregorian calendar (yesterday was 1/1/1583). [1]
- February 9
- Jeseph Sanalbo Jewish convert in Rome, burned at stake. [1]
- February 21
- Groningen Netherlands begins using Gregorian calendar. [1]
- March 6
- Zacharias Ursinus German theologist (Heidelberger), dies at age 48. [1]
- March 18
- Dutch States General and Anjou sign treaty. [1]
- August 5
- Gilbert claims Newfoundland (first English colony in North America). [1]
1584
- January 4
- Tobias Stimmer Swiss painter/cartoonist/playwright, dies at age 44. [1]
- January 7
- Last day of the Julian calendar in Bohemia and Holy Roman empire. [1]
- January 17
- Bohemia adopts the Gregorian calendar. [1]
- January 22
- Parts of Switzerland adopt Gregorian calendar (and parts in 1812). [1]
- January 30
- Jonker Wigbold van Ewsum mister of Nienoord, dies in battle. [1]
- Pieter Jansz Pourbus Flemish painter, dies. [1]
- March 18
- Ivan IV the terrible, Russian tsar (1547-84), dies at age 53. [1]
- March 25
- Sir Walter Raleigh renews Humphrey Gilbert's patent to explore North America. [1]
- April 7
- Ieper surrenders to duke Van Parma. [1]
- May 16
- Seven Westfriese towns divide monasteries of Egmond/Blokker/St-Pietersdal. [1]
- May 30
- Earl Adolf van Nieuwenaar/Meurs becomes viceroy of Gelderland. [1]
- June 4
- Sir Walter Raleigh establishes the first English colony on Roanoke Island. [5]
1585
- January 2
- Spain and Catholic France sign Saint League of Joinville. [1]
- March 10
- Rembert Dodoens [Rembertus Dodonaeus], physician/botanist, dies at age 67. [1]
- April 4
- Caspar de Robles Spanish viceroy of Frisia, dies at about age 57. [1]
- April 5
- Clemens Crabbeels becomes bishop of Hertogenbosch. [1]
- April 10
- Gregory XIII [Ugo Buoncampagni] Italian Pope (1572-85), dies. [1]
- May 19
- Spain confisquates English ships. [1]
- December 20
- English fleet and earl Robert Dudley van Leicester reach Vlissingen. [1]
1586
- January 15
- Battle at Boxum Spanish troops under Tassis beat state army. [1]
- January 25
- Lucas Cranach "the Young" German painter, dies at age 70. [1]
- February 4
- Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester, becomes governor of Netherlands. [1]
- March 8
- Johan van Oldenbarnevelt becomes Dutch chief legal advisor. [1]
- June 19
- English colonists sailed from Roanoke Island North Carolina. [1]
- July 27
- Sir Walter Raleigh brings first tobacco to England from Virginia. [1]
- July 28
- Sir Thomas Harriot introduces potatoes to Europe. [1]
- October 14
- Mary Queen of Scots goes on trial for conspiracy against Elizabeth. [1]
- December 3
- Sir Thomas Herriot introduces potatoes to England, from Colombia. [1]
- December 15
- Laevinus Torrentius, becomes bishop of Antwerp. [1]
1587
- January 29
- Deventer and Zutphen surrender to Spain. [1]
- February 1
- English queen Elizabeth I signs Mary Stuart's death sentence. [1]
- February 8
- Mary, Queen of Scots (1560-87), is beheaded at age 44 at Fotheringhay Castle in England for her complicity in a plot to murder Queen Elizabeth. [1]
- March 1
- English parliament leader Peter Wentworth confined in London Tower. [1]
- April 18
- John Foxe author (Book of Martyrs), dies. [1]
- April 19
- Sir Frances Drake sails into Cadiz Spain and sinks Spanish fleet. [1]
- May 18
- Felix van Cantalice Italian saint, dies. [1]
- July 22
- Second English colony established on Roanoke Island off North Carolina. [1]
- December 8
- Mary Queen of Scots (1560-1587), executed. [1]
- December 17
- Earl Leicesters army leaves Netherlands. [1]
1588
- January 22
- Pope Sixtus V decrees "Immense aeterni" (Reformed curia). [1]
- February 9
- Marquis of Santa Cruz Spanish Admiral, dies. [1]
- February 10
- Joost Sybrantsz Buyck Amsterdam merchant/regent, dies at about age 82. [1]
- March 17
- Petrus Dathenus Flemish minister/physician (Psalms of David), dies. [1]
- April 4
- Christian IV succeeds Frederik II as king of Denmark. [1]
- Frederik II King of Denmark/Norway (1559-88), dies at age 53. [1]
- April 19
- Paolo Veronese [Cagliari] painter, dies. [1]
- May 9
- Duke Henri de Guises troops occupy Paris France. [1]
- May 12
- Catholic League under duke Henri de Guise occupies Paris France. [1]
- May 13
- King Henri III flees Paris. [1]
- May 30
- Spanish Aramada under Medina-Sidonia departs Lisbon to invade England. [1] (May 28 [5])
- July 29
- Attacking Spanish Armada defeated and scattered by English defenders. [1]
- December 23
- Hendrik de Guise French leader of Catholic League, murdered at age 37. [1]
1589
- January 5
- Catherine de' Medici Queen mother of France, dies at age 69. [1]
- March 22
- Lodovico Guicciardini Ital historian, dies at age 67. [1]
- April 10
- Spanish troops conquer Geertruidenberg. [1]
1590
- January 7
- Jacob Andreae German theologist (Formulae Concordiae), dies at age 61. [1]
- February 4
- Gioseffo Zarlino composer, dies at age 73. [1]
- February 12
- François Hotman/Hotomanus French lawyer/diplomat, dies at age 65. [1]
- February 26
- Mauritius of Nassaus sails to Breda. [1]
- March 4
- Mauritius of Nassau's ship reaches Breda. [1]
- March 6
- Earl Mauritius conquerors Breda "turfschip of Breda". [1]
- March 14
- Battle at Ivry: French King Henri IV beats Catholic League. [1]
- Philip van Egmont General/prince of Gavere, dies in battle at age 30. [1]
- April 2
- States-General appoints earl Mauritius, viceroy of Utrecht. [1]
- April 6
- Francis Walsingham English Secretary of State, dies at about age 57. [1]
- May 9
- Karel "Cardinal" van Bourbon archbishop of Rouen, dies at age 66. [1]
- May 14
- Battle at Ivry: French king Henri IV beats Catholic League. [1]
- June 15
- Pope Leo X threatens to ex-communicate Martin Luther. [1]
- December 5
- Niccolò Sfondrati chosen Pope Gregory XIV. [1]
- December 20
- Ambroise Paré French surgeon, dies at age 80. [1]
- December 27
- Emmanuel-Philibert of Lalaing marquis of Renty, dies at age 33. [1]
1591
- January 7
- Jacobus de Kerle French/Flemish composer, dies at about age 59. [1]
- January 19
- Edmond Auger French jesuit (under Henri III), dies at about age 60. [1]
- February 3
- German monarchy forms Protestant Union of Torgau. [1]
- March 1
- Pope Gregory XIV threatens to excommunicate French king Henri IV. [1]
- March 13
- Battle at Tondibi: Moroccans army under Judar beats sultan Askia Ishaq II of Songhai. [1]
- March 21
- Pope Gregory XIV issues instruction threatening excommunication for anyone found gambling on the identity of his successor. [565.361] (1590 [80.231])
- April 19
- Chartres surrenders to king Henri IV in France. [1]
- May 15
- Dimitri Ivanovitch Russian son of czar Ivan IV, murdered at age 9. [1]
- May 17
- Jost/Jobst/Jodocus Amman Swiss cartoonist/graphic artist, dies at age 51. [1]
- May 20
- Spanish troops in Zutphen surrenders to Willem Louis/Mauritius. [1]
- October 15
- Death of Pope Gregory XIV. [565.361]
- December 14
- Juan de la Cruz [de Yepes] Spanish Carmelet/poet/saint, dies. [1]
- December 30
- Innocent IX [Giovanni Facchinetti] Pope, (1591 62 days), dies at age 72. [1]
1592
- January 5
- Willem II Duke of Gulik/Kleef/Gelre, dies at about age 75. [1]
- January 6
- Johan Casimir palsgrave at the Rhine, dies. [1]
- January 30
- Ippolito Aldobrandini elected Pope Clement VIII. [1]
- August 14
- Captain John Davis on the Desire ship discovers what are later named the Falkland Islands. [1199.37]
- December 2
- Alexander Farnese land guardian of Netherlands (1579-92), dies at age 46. [1]
1593
- January 5
- William Louis of Nassau becomes Governor/Viceroy of Drenthe. [1]
- January 27
- Vatican opens 7 year trial against scholar Giordano Bruno. [1]
- February 7
- Jacques Amyot French humanist/abbot of Bellozanne, dies at age 79. [1]
- March 23
- English Congressionalist Henry Barrow accused of slander. [1]
- April 6
- Henry Barrow English puritian/Congressionalist, hanged. [1]
- John Greenwood English Congressionalist, hanged. [1]
- May 29
- John Penry English congressionalist, executed. [1]
- May 30
- Christopher Marlowe, British dramatist (Tamburlaine the Great), killed in a fight in London, England. [1] [5] [66.38]
- July 11
- Giuseppe Arcimboldo first surrealist painter, dies (birth date unkn). [1]
- July 25
- France's Protestant King Henri IV converts to Roman Catholic. [1]
- December 15
- State of Holland grants patent on windmill with crankshaft. [1]
- December 24
- Storm hits Texel: 40 ships hit, 500 killed. [1]
1594
- February 2
- Giovanni Perluigi da Palestrina Italian composer, dies at age 68. [1]
- February 27
- Henri IV crowned king of France. [1]
- March 12
- Company of Distant established for business on East-Indies. [1]
- March 22
- French King Henri IV festival in Paris France. [1]
- April 15
- Fleming Pieter Stevens appointed royal painter of Rudolf II (Prague). [1]
- May 4
- Paul Buys Grand Pensionary of Holland, dies at age 62. [1]
- May 22
- Earl Mauritius and Willem Louis begins siege of Groningen. [1]
- May 31
- Tintoretto Italian Mannerist painter, dies at age 75. [1]
- December 5
- Gerardus Mercator Flemish philosopher/cartographer, dies at age 82. [1]
1595
- January 5
- Ercole Procaccini Italian painter, dies. [1]
- January 14
- Ferdinand archduke of Austria/mayor of Bohemenia, dies. [1]
- January 16
- Murad III sultan of Turkey (1574-95), dies. [1]
- January 17
- French king Henri IV declares war on Spain. [1]
- January 28
- Sir Francis Drake English navigator/pirate (Porto Bello West Indies), dies at about age 50. [1]
- February 20
- Ernst archduke of Austria, dies at age 41. [1]
- February 21
- Robert Southwell English Jesuit/poet, hanged. [1]
- April 2
- Cornelis de Houtman's ships depart to Asia through Cape of Good Hope. [1]
- April 15
- Willem I's daughter of Elisabeth of Nassau marries duke Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne of Broth. [1]
- April 25
- Torquato Tasso Italian poet/playwright, dies at age 51. [1]
- May 2
- King Philip II names Albrecht of Austria land guardian of Netherlands. [1]
- May 26
- Philippus Nerius [Filippo Neri] Italian merchant/saint, dies at age 79. [1]
- July 9
- Johannes Kepler inscribes geometric solid construction of universe. [1]
- December 10
- Reynier Cant mayor of Amsterdam, dies at about age 59. [1]
- December 11
- Philip III van Croij prince of Chimay/general, dies at age 69. [1]
- December 27
- Pietro Pontio composer, dies at age 63. [1]
1596
- January 21
- John Ligarius German theologist/prime minister, dies at age 66. [1]
- January 31
- Catholic League disjoins. [1]
- April 17
- Arch duke Albrecht of Austria occupies Calais. [1]
- April 24
- Pacificatie of Ireland drawn. [1]
- May 18
- Willem Barents leaves Amsterdam for Novaya Zemlya. [1]
- May 26
- England, France and Netherlands signs Drievoudig Covenant against Spain. [1]
- May 27
- Tibaldi II Italian painter/sculptor/architect, dies. [1]
- August 3
- David Fabricius discovers light variation of Mira (first variable star). [1]
- November 29
- King Philip II of Spain devalues currency. [547.38]
- December 8
- Luis de Carabajal first Jewish author in America, executed in México. [1]
- December 22
- Ferryboat Meuniers crashes in Paris, 150 die. [1]
1597
- February 2
- Lucas van Valckenborch Flemish painter, buried at about age 61. [1]
- February 5
- 26 Catholics are crucified in Nagasaki, Japan. [1443.27]
- February 15
- Pieter J Kies Dutch mayor of Haarlem (1572-73), dies at about age 66. [1]
- February 24
- Flemish painter Frederick of Valckenborch becomes porter of Frankfurt-on-Main. [1]
- March 10
- Petrus Forestus Dutch physician (Willem of Orange), dies. [1]
- March 11
- Land guardian Albrecht occupies Amiens on France. [1]
- March 12
- England routes troops to Amiens. [1]
- May 20
- Matthijs Heldt dies in battle. [1]
- December 18
- Barbara Blomberg German mistress of emperor Karel, dies at age 67. [1]
1598
- January 7
- Boris Godunov seizes the Russian throne on death of Feodore I. [1]
- Theodorus I [Fedor Ivanovitch], czar of Russia (1584-98), dies at age 40. [1]
- January 8
- Genoa Italy expels Jews. [1]
- Jews are expelled from Genoa Italy. [1]
- Johan Georg elector of Brandenburg (1571-91), dies at age 72. [1]
- January 12
- Pope Clement VIII seizes duchy of Ferrara on death of Alfonso. [1]
- February 10
- Anna van Bull first wife of Polish/Swedish king Sigismund II, dies. [1]
- February 17
- Boris Godunov chosen tsar of Russia. [1]
- February 21
- Boris Godunov crowned tsar. [1]
- March 11
- Countess Charlotte of Nassau marries duke Claude de la Tremoille. [1]
- March 20
- French king Henri IV and duke van Mercour sign treaty. [1]
- March 25
- Cornelis de Houtman's fleet departs for East-Indies. [1]
- April 13
- Edict of Nantes grants political rights to French Huguenots. [1]
- April 30
- First theater performance in America (Spanish comedy-Rio Grande). [1]
- May 1
- Jacob van Necks merchant fleet departs for Java. [1]
- May 2
- France and Spain signs Peace of Vervins. [1]
- May 6
- Arch duke Albrecht and Isabella become monarch of Southern Netherlands. [1]
- September 13
- Philip II King of Spain (1556-98), dies at age 71. [1]
- September 20
- Dutch land on and name island in Indian Ocean Mauritius in honor of Prince Maurice of Nassau. [1163.15]
- December 6
- Elbertus Leoninus Dutch lawyer/politician, dies at about age 78. [1]
- December 15
- Philip van Marnix Flemish ruler of Saint Aldegonde/poet, dies at age 58. [1]
1599
- January 11
- Jacob van Necks fleet leaves Bantam Java with pepper, clove and muskaat. [1]
- January 13
- Edmund Spenser poet (Faerie Queene), dies at about age 46. [1]
- January 22
- Cristofano Malvezzi composer, dies at age 51. [1]
- March 27
- Robert Devereux becomes Lieutenant-General of Ireland. [1]
- April 18
- Valencia arch duke Albrecht of Austrian marries Isabella of Spain. [1]
- July 23
- Caravaggio's first public commission for paintings. [1]
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